nLai
& Salpeter (1997), Lai (2001): NSs may be left without an atmosphere if they are cool enough. Onset of
a phase transition
n
nA
gaseous atmosphere turns into a solid when T < Tcrit(B)
An alternative explanation:
BARE NSs
If B >> mee3c/h3 »2.35 x109 G atoms and
condensed matter change:
Tcrit for phase separation between condensed H
and vapor:
Situation more uncertain for
heavy elements (as Fe)
Strong magnetic confinement on e-; atoms
have cylindrical shape
elongated atoms may form molecular
chains by covalent bonding along B
Interactions between linear chains can then led to the
formation of 3-D condensates