nLai & Salpeter (1997), Lai (2001): NSs
may be left without an atmosphere if
they are cool enough. Onset of a phase transition
nA gaseous atmosphere turns into a solid when
T < Tcrit(B)
An alternative explanation:
BARE NSs
If B >> mee3c/h3 »2.35 x109 G atoms and
condensed matter change:
Tcrit for phase separation between condensed H
and vapor:
Situation more uncertain for
heavy elements (as Fe)
Strong
magnetic confinement on e-; atoms have cylindrical shape
elongated atoms may form molecular chains by covalent bonding
along B
Interactions between
linear chains can then led to the formation of 3-D condensates