Abstract - "We now have a good understanding of most of the modes of
galaxy formation for massive galaxies during the past 10 Gyr based on
data from space and ground based telescopes.  I will discuss how we
have just recently measured the role of major and minor mergers, star
formation and gas accretion in the formation of massive galaxies down
to z = 0. This is possible due to new near-infrared Hubble Space
Telescope imaging from NICMOS and WFC3 focused on massive galaxies in
the distant universe, coupled with spectroscopy and deep imaging at
all wavelengths to obtain spectral energy distribution information.  I
will further discuss how galaxy simulations based on CDM are not able
to reproduce the properties of distant galaxies or the characteristics
of their observed evolution.  I will further show how galaxy formation
processes can potentially be used as a method for better understanding
cosmological features, including the temperature of the dark matter
and the underlying cosmological parameters."