Slide 21 of 31
Notes:
Our Sun emits cosmic rays during solar flares, but these have relatively low energy (about 1e10 to 1e11 eV) and the average rate is only about 1e17 J/s. Given that there are only 1e11 stars in the Galaxy, this is a total of only 1e28 J/s (remember, we’re looking for 3e32 J/s).
The magnetic fields of magnetic stars are a million times higher than the Sun, ie about 1e23 J/s, but (optimistically) only about 1% of stars are magnetic which would account for about 1e32 J/s- and these emit mostly low energy particles.
